https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:40447 in utero which impacts on the age dependent decline in glomerular function. Factors that affect the risk of reduced nephron formation during intrauterine life are discussed and include maternal nutrition (malnutrition and obesity, micronutrients), smoking and alcohol, use of drugs that block the maternal renin-angiotensin system, glucocorticoid excess and maternal renal dysfunction and prematurity. Since CKD, hypertension and cardiovascular disease add to the disease burden in the community we recommend that kidney size at birth should be recorded using ultrasound and those individuals who are born premature or who have small kidneys at this time should be monitored regularly by determining GFR and albumin:creatinine clearance ratio. Furthermore, public health measures aimed at limiting the prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus as well as providing advice on limiting the amount of protein ingested during a single meal, because they are all associated with increased glomerular hyperfiltration and subsequent glomerulosclerosis would be beneficial.]]> Wed 28 Feb 2024 14:58:54 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:38725 Wed 19 Jan 2022 10:25:02 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:37075 vs 21.4 (5.1) cm³; P = 0.027) despite no significant difference in body weight. Despite having a smaller TRV, there was no significant difference in eGFR between Indigenous and Non-indigenous neonates (47.8 [43.2-50.4] vs 46.2 [42.6-53.3] ml/min per 1.73 m²; P = 0.986). These infants achieve similar eGFR through hyperfiltration, which likely increases their future risk of CKD. There was no difference in microalbumin-creatinine ratio. Female Indigenous neonates, however, had significantly smaller TRV compared with Indigenous male neonates (15.9 (3.6) vs 20.6 (3.6) cm³; P = 0.006), despite no difference in eGFR, birth weight, gestational age, and weight at term corrected. Conclusion: The difference in TRV is likely to be an important risk factor for the difference in morbidity and mortality from renal disease reported between male and female Indigenous adults.]]> Wed 15 Dec 2021 16:07:38 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:21815 ATP6AP2) would act in a fetal sex-specific manner in human amnion to regulate the expression of promyelocytic zinc finger, a negative regulator of ATP6AP2 expression as well as 2 pathways that might influence the onset of labor, namely transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFB1) and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2). Our findings demonstrate that there are strong interactions between prorenin, ATP6AP2, and TGFB1 and that this system has a greater capacity in female amnion to stimulate profibrotic pathways, thus maintaining the integrity of the fetal membranes. In contrast, glucocorticoids or other factors independent of the prorenin/prorenin receptor pathway may be important regulators of PTGS2 in human pregnancy.]]> Wed 11 Apr 2018 16:47:12 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:16501 Wed 11 Apr 2018 16:26:57 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:26761 Wed 11 Apr 2018 15:56:38 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:16610 Wed 11 Apr 2018 15:23:31 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:26732 Wed 11 Apr 2018 15:18:52 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:26763 Wed 11 Apr 2018 15:09:54 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:16581 Wed 11 Apr 2018 14:11:56 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:14960 Wed 11 Apr 2018 13:42:54 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:16571 Wed 11 Apr 2018 13:35:36 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:16515 Wed 11 Apr 2018 13:10:22 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:19072 Wed 11 Apr 2018 13:06:19 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:16614 Wed 11 Apr 2018 12:11:43 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:16992 Wed 11 Apr 2018 11:11:09 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:15206 Wed 11 Apr 2018 11:04:16 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:22643 Wed 11 Apr 2018 10:46:26 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:18831 Wed 11 Apr 2018 09:37:04 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:25894 Wed 11 Apr 2018 09:33:14 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:13397 Wed 11 Apr 2018 09:30:41 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:16611 0.001). Trends in receptor binding site density measurements supported this observation (P = 0.07). Glucocorticoid exposure increased β₁-adrenoceptor mRNA levels in the right ventricle of preterm hearts (P = 0.008) but did not alter expression in the left ventricle (P>0.1). Relative abundance of a1A-adrenoceptor mRNA was the same in preterm and term piglet hearts (P = >0.1) but was reduced by maternal glucocorticoid treatment (P<0.01); a2A-adrenoceptor mRNA abundance was higher in untreated and glucocorticoid exposed preterm piglet hearts than in term piglets (P<0.001). There was no difference between male and female piglets in mRNA abundance of any of the genes studied. In conclusion, there is reduced mRNA abundance of β₁-adrenoceptors in the preterm pig heart. If this lower expression of β-adrenoceptors occurs in human preterm infants, it could explain their poor cardiovascular function and their frequent failure to respond to commonly used inotropes.]]> Wed 11 Apr 2018 09:23:09 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:35270 Wed 06 Apr 2022 14:02:10 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:29979 Wed 04 Sep 2019 10:18:53 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:49001 Wed 03 May 2023 12:10:14 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:33387 34-weeks gestation; n=8) and gestational age matched preterm (31.6-35.1 weeks; n=8) and term normotensive controls were also compared. Agilent Human miRNA microarray v19 was used to detect up to 2006 miRNAs in four placentae from each group. Statistically different levels of expression were determined and refined using predictive modelling. Placental miRNAs predicted to target RAS mRNAs were identified in three databases. Differences detected on the array were confirmed for some miRNAs by semi-quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR, n=7-8 for all groups). Two differentially expressed miRNAs that were known to target human renal REN mRNA (miR-181a-5p and miR-663) were transfected into human HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells to examine their effect on placental REN expression and prorenin levels. In early gestation placentae, 186 miRNAs were differentially expressed compared with term placentae (109 increased, 77 decreased). Thirty of the differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted to target RAS components. In mid-gestation placentae, 117 miRNAs were differentially expressed compared with term placentae (69 increased, 48 decreased). Of these, 19 had RAS mRNAs as predicted targets. Eight miRNAs that were lower in early gestation and predicted to target RAS mRNAs were confirmed by qPCR. All showed an increase during gestation and could influence the transgestational profile of the human placental RAS. Additionally, on the array, three miRNAs predicted to target RAS mRNAs (miR-892c-3p, miR-378c and miR-514b-3p) were overexpressed in placentae from women with late-onset PE (P = 3.6E-10, P = 1.8E-05, P = 5.3E-06; respectively). miR-663, which suppresses renal REN mRNA expression, was overexpressed in early-onset PE placentae as determined by qRT-PCR analysis (P = 0.014). Transfection of miR-181a-5p and miR-663 into HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells suppressed REN mRNA expression (p = 0.05) and prorenin protein production (P = 0.001). Data can be found via GEO accession number GSE109832. Further validation that the differentially expressed miRNAs do indeed directly target RAS mRNAs and affect placental development and function is required. This study is limited by the small sample size. Therefore independent validation in a larger cohort is required.]]> Wed 02 Mar 2022 14:28:37 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:34594 Wed 02 Mar 2022 14:28:13 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:54479 Tue 27 Feb 2024 15:03:44 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:19185 Tue 24 Aug 2021 14:25:09 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:21812 n = 131) were recruited as part of a longitudinal study while attending antenatal care clinics during pregnancy; blood samples were collected up to three times in pregnancy. Serum cotinine, indicating exposure to cigarette smoke, was detected in 50.4% of mothers. Compared with non-Indigenous women, the cohort had 10 times the prevalence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori (33 vs. 3%). Levels of immunoglobulin G, antibodies to H. pylori, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were all inversely correlated with gestational age (P < 0.05). CRP levels were positively associated with maternal body mass index (BMI; ρ = 0.449, P = 0.001). The effects of cigarette smoke (cotinine) and inflammation (CRP) were assessed in relation to risk factors for SIDS: gestational age at delivery and birth weight. Serum cotinine levels were negatively associated with birth weight (ρ = -0.37, P < 0.001), this correlation held true for both male (ρ = -0.39, P = 0.002) and female (ρ = -0.30, P = 0.017) infants. Cotinine was negatively associated with gestational age at delivery (ρ = -0.199, P = 0.023). When assessed by fetal sex, this was significant only for males (ρ = -0.327, P = 0.011). CRP was negatively associated with gestational age at delivery for female infants (ρ = -0.46, P < 0.001). In contrast, maternal BMI was significantly correlated with birth weight. These data highlight the importance of putting programs in place to reduce cigarette smoke exposure in pregnancy and to treat women with chronic infections such as H. pylori to improve pregnancy outcomes and decrease risk factors for sudden death in infancy.]]> Tue 24 Apr 2018 16:00:57 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:26759 Tue 24 Apr 2018 15:35:25 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:38594 Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis and possibly genital ulcer disease. For herpes simplex virus type 2, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, human immunodeficiency virus and candidiasis, the evidence is mixed. Male partner MC did not reduce risk of gonorrhea, Mycoplasma genitalium, dysuria or vaginal discharge in women. Conclusion: MC reduces risk of oncogenic HPV genotypes, cervical cancer, T. vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis and possibly genital ulcer disease in women. The reduction in risk of these STIs and cervical cancer adds to the data supporting global efforts to deploy MC as a health-promoting and life-saving public health measure and supplements other STI prevention strategies.]]> Tue 16 Nov 2021 15:04:36 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47022 Tue 13 Dec 2022 12:51:29 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47001 Tue 13 Dec 2022 10:59:25 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:38807 Tue 08 Feb 2022 12:16:50 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:38808 ATP6AP2 siRNA, a negative control siRNA or vehicle and allowed to spontaneously syncytialise. Syncytialisation was determined by secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and by decreased CDH1 (E-cadherin) levels. Expression of RAS mRNAs and proteins were measured by qPCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Results: Primary trophoblast cells spontaneously syncytialised in culture. Syncytialisation did not affect ATP6AP2 mRNA or protein levels. However, the expression of REN, AGT and AGTR1 mRNAs were increased (P = 0.02, P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). ATP6AP2 siRNA had no effect on syncytialisation. Discussion: In primary trophoblasts, syncytialisation was associated with increased expression of the RAS. hCG was increased during syncytialisation and is known to stimulate REN and possibly AGT, however further experiments are needed to confirm that this was the mechanism via which the RAS was activated. Therefore, syncytialisation of primary trophoblasts may involve hCG-induced RAS activation and downstream activation of signalling pathways and growth factors, which can be stimulated via the interaction of Ang II with AGTR1. Nevertheless, it appears that the (pro)renin receptor is not involved.]]> Tue 08 Feb 2022 12:03:29 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47033 Thu 30 Mar 2023 19:16:20 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36997 Thu 30 Jul 2020 16:38:14 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:45294 Thu 27 Oct 2022 14:48:10 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:45302 Thu 27 Oct 2022 13:56:14 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:45233 Thu 27 Oct 2022 13:10:07 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:26762 Thu 24 Mar 2022 11:35:38 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:32093 Thu 17 Feb 2022 09:30:56 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:26776 Thu 11 Apr 2019 13:18:13 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:34951 Thu 09 Dec 2021 11:04:52 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:38593 Thu 01 Sep 2022 10:28:44 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:13878 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:25:50 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:29078 Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:39:58 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:32049 Mon 23 Sep 2019 11:46:34 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:42305 n = 9/group). Statistically different levels of expression were determined (P < 0.05). All nine miRNA mimics significantly affected the proliferation rates of HTR-8/SVneo cells. Five of the miRNA mimics (miR-181a-5p (predicted to target: renin (REN), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)), miR-378 (REN, ACE), miR-663 (REN), miR-483-3p (ACE, ACE2, angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) and miR-514 (AGT)) were associated with a dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation. Seven of the mimics significantly decreased expression of at least one of their predicted target RAS mRNAs. Our study shows that miRNAs targeting placental RAS mRNAs play a role in controlling trophoblast proliferation. As placentation is largely a process of proliferation, changes in expression of these miRNAs may be partly responsible for the expression of the placental RAS, proliferation and placentation.]]> Mon 22 Aug 2022 09:00:28 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:42306 n = 3/group). Those predicted to target RAS mRNAs, or that were decreased in early gestation, were confirmed by qPCR (n = 9/group). RAS protein levels were assessed by ELISAs or immuno-blotting. Microarray analysis identified four miRNAs predicted to target RAS mRNAs that were differentially expressed between 1 and 5% oxygen. Using qPCR, 15 miRNAs that target the RAS were measured in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Five miRNAs were downregulated in 1% compared with 5% oxygen. Expression of a number of RAS mRNAs (ATP6AP2, AGT, ACE and AGTR1) were increased in either, or both, 1 and 5% oxygen compared with 20% oxygen. AGT protein levels were increased in 1% oxygen compared with 5%. Further validation is needed to confirm that these miRNAs target RAS mRNAs directly and that placental development is partly regulated by oxygen-sensitive miRNAs that target RAS mRNAs. Since placental oxygen tension changes across gestation, changes in expression of these miRNAs may contribute to the transgestational changes in placental RAS expression and the resulting effects on placental development.]]> Mon 22 Aug 2022 09:00:22 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:44167 Mon 10 Oct 2022 10:06:40 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47906 Mon 06 Feb 2023 14:42:00 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:34341 Mon 04 Mar 2019 14:57:46 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36201 Mon 02 Mar 2020 11:21:09 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:41277 Mon 01 Aug 2022 10:17:20 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:45410 Fri 28 Oct 2022 11:52:48 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36969 Fri 24 Jul 2020 13:38:41 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:19600 ACE A11860G genotype is associated with small for gestational age babies (SGA) and to determine whether the association is affected by environmental factors and fetal sex. Overall, 3234 healthy nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies, their partners and babies were prospectively recruited in Adelaide, Australia and Auckland, New Zealand. Data analyses were confined to 2121 Caucasian parent–infant trios, among which 216 were pregnancies with SGA infants and 1185 were uncomplicated pregnancies. Women with the ACE A11860G GG genotype in the combined and Adelaide cohorts had increased risk for SGA [odds ratios (OR) 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–2.1 and OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.3, respectively) and delivered lighter babies (P = 0.02; P = 0.007, respectively) compared with those with AA/AG genotypes. The maternal ACE A11860G GG genotype was associated with higher maternal plasma ACE concentration at 15 weeks' gestation than AA/AG genotypes (P < 0.001). When the Adelaide cohort was stratified by maternal socio-economic index (SEI) and pre-pregnancy green leafy vegetable intake, the ACE A11860G GG genotype was only associated with an increased risk for SGA (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.8–13.4 and OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6–7.0, respectively) and a reduction in customized birthweight centile (P = 0.006 and P = 0.03) if superimposed on maternal SEI <34 or pre-pregnancy green leafy vegetable intake <1 serve/day. Furthermore, the associations of maternal ACE A11860G with customized birthweight centile observed among Adelaide women with SEI <34 or pre-pregnancy green leafy vegetable intake <1 serve/day were female specific. The current study identified a novel association of maternal ACE A11860G with SGA. More interestingly, this association was modified by environmental factors and fetal sex, suggesting ACE A11860G–environment–fetal sex interactions.]]> Fri 17 Nov 2023 11:54:01 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:48450 Fri 17 Mar 2023 09:25:55 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47249 Fri 16 Dec 2022 12:29:31 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36861 Fri 10 Jul 2020 19:14:46 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36967 28 weeks) and kidney function in infants, <2.5 years of age, from the Gomeroi gaaynggal cohort. Pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was recorded at the first prenatal visit and maternal adiposity indicators (percent body fat and visceral fat area) measured at >28 weeks gestation by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Fetal kidney structure was assessed by ultrasound. Renal function indicators (urinary albumin:creatinine and protein:creatinine) were measured in infants from a spot urine collection from nappies. Multiple linear regression and multi‐level mixed effects linear regression models with clustering were used to account for repeated measures of urine. 147 mother–child pairs were examined. Estimated fetal weight (EFW), but not fetal kidney size, was positively associated with maternal adiposity and pre‐pregnancy BMI. When adjusted for smoking, combined kidney volume relative to EFW was negatively associated with maternal percentage body fat. Infant kidney function was not influenced by maternal adiposity and pre‐pregnancy BMI (n = 84 observations). Current findings show that Indigenous babies born to obese mothers have reduced kidney size relative to EFW. We suggest that these babies are experiencing a degree of glomerular hyperfiltration in utero, and therefore are at risk of developing CKD in later life, especially if their propensity for obesity is maintained. Although no impact on renal function was observed at <2.5 years of age, long‐term follow‐up of offspring is required to evaluate potential later life impacts.]]> Fri 01 Apr 2022 09:27:39 AEDT ]]>